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The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of tobacco use on male fertility in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar. A total of 20 men from infertile couples were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, and their sperm samples were collected along with their general information. General characteristics such as sperm concentration, count, motility, and morphology were observed. The sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) assay was used to calculate the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI). A DFI 30% threshold was used to classify groups as normal (DFI< 30%) or abnormal (DFI > 30%). The smoking habit was found to be significantly related to sperm motility, morphology, and DFI. However, there was no correlation with sperm count. In this study, 5 out of 20 sperm samples had abnormal motility (< 32% progressive motility) and 9 out of 20 had abnormal sperm morphology (Teratozoospermia). Our findings revealed no link between DFI and motility or morphology. The sperm DNA fragmentation index did not have a strong correlation with other sperm parameters. As a result, as an additional step in determining sperm fertility, a sperm DNA fragmentation assay should be performed.
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Background: Clomiphene citrate, a non-steroidal triphenylethylene compound, is the first line medicine used for ovulation in anovulatory women Worldwide. Objective of this study was to study fertility rates of combination of enclomiphene citrate and melatonin and compare it with fertility rates of plain enclomiphene citrate in cases of dysovulatory infertility.Methods: A total of 107 cases participated in the study out of which 7 women were excluded from the study. So, the results of 100 women were analyzed. Out of 100 women 50 were of Group A i.e., clomiphene supplemented with melatonin group and 50 were in Group B which was clomiphene only group with no supplementation. Cases were followed for three cycles and pregnancy rates in both groups were evaluated.Results: Study demonstrated the potential benefit of melatonin supplementation in naturally conceived cycles where ovulation induction was given by enclomiphene citrate. The ovulation rates were comparable in both study versus control group (68% versus 66%) while there was increase in pregnancy rate in melatonin group (36% versus 24%). However, difference between pregnancy rates in both the groups failed to reach statistically significant levels (p value 0.4065).Conclusions: The adjuvant role of melatonin with enclomiphene citrate in cases of dysovulatory infertility in improving pregnancy rates, which is due to strong anti-oxidant effect of melatonin which in turn reduces oxidative stress thus resulting in good quality oocyte production.
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Background: Menopause is recognised to have occurred after 12 months of amenorrhoea for which there are no obvious pathological and physiological causes, it is retrospective diagnosis. Objective of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety and compliance of oral estradiol and vaginal estriol for urogenital problems in post-menopausal women.Methods: A total of 100 postmenopausal women having urogenital symptoms were selected for the prospective study. The selected patients were randomly allocated in 2 groups. Group A received 2 mg of estradiol OD for 4 weeks and then evaluated after 4 weeks. Group B received 0.5 mg of vaginal estriol cream continuously for 4 weeks at night and then evaluated after 4 weeks. Patients were followed after 1,3 and 6 months. Inclusion criteria were postmenopausal women, vaginal symptoms, urogenital symptoms. exclusion criteria were all patients having estrogen dependent neoplasia and comorbidities.Results: For urinary complaints, symptomatic relief was assessed by AUA Score in which after 6 months; in Group A the difference in mean from baseline was 19.64±1.63 and in Group B it was 21±2.52 and was statistically insignificant from each other. For genital complaints, symptomatic relief was graded as 1, 2, 3, 4 in which grade 4 means complete relief. After 6 months of therapy 88.2% got complete relief in Group A and 91.1% in Group B. In vaginal cytological smears; in both groups, parabasal cells were reduced and superficial cells were increased after 6 months of therapy and both groups were statistically insignificant from each other. After 6 months of therapy, increase in mean value of KPI from the baseline is 24.54±10.1 in Group A and 28.6±10.11 in Group B and both groups were statistically insignificant. Endometrial thickness remained unchanged in both the groups after 6 months of therapy.Conclusions: Both drugs were equally effective in alleviating the urogenital symptoms with no significant side effects.
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Background: Immunization remains an important public health intervention. On one side morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases are still high in developing countries, on the other side immunization coverage is still low. Present study aims to assess immunization status of under-five children in relation to various demographic variables of their mothers.Methods: A total of 530 mothers with children under 5 years attending OPD, immunization clinic or admitted in paediatric ward were included in the study. Maternal demographic variables like age, religion, education, socio economic status, residence, parity and occupation were compared with immunization status of their children.Results: Most of mothers were housewives (73.77%), primary educated (33.58%), belonged to Hindu religion (47.54%), were of 21-30 years age group (52.64%), residing in urban areas (62.07%) and belonged to middle socio economic status (45.84%). Out of total 530 children 161 (30.37%) were completely immunized as compared to 21.32% who were unimmunized. Boys were marginally more unimmunized (37.32%) than girls (23.04%). Mothers' education, occupation, parity, religion, residence and socio-economic status significantly influenced immunization status of their children (p<0.05).Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended that any strategy formulated to improve vaccination coverage in children of our country should focus to strengthen above mentioned weak links.
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Background: Adolescence is the period of rapid physical growth, psychological and social changes. This period is marked by the onset of menarche in the girls. Menstruation is a natural biological process experienced by all adolescent girls and women in reproductive age. The menstrual cycle is characterized by variability in volume, pattern and regularity. Conversely, variability in menstrual cycle characteristics and menstrual disorders are common among adolescent girls. The objectives of the study were to determine patterns of menstruation, prevalence of menstrual disorders and hygienic practices during menstruation in the adolescent school girls.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 adolescent school girls of Delhi.Results: The mean age at menarche in the study subjects was 13.47±0.87 years. Average menstrual interval was days. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 76.1% of the girls, body ache was experienced by 64 (30.4%). Majority of girls 174 (82.8%) used sanitary pads as absorbent during cycle.Conclusions: Menstrual problems are frequent among adolescent girls. Dysmenorrhoea was the commonest problem among the adolescents. Adolescent girls withstand their pain and think it as a normal phenomenon. Educating students about menstrual health by health professionals and teachers can help in reducing their psychological and physical stress.
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The burden of Hepatitis B caused by a hepatotropic virus, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), is a significant public health problem in India, although a cost-effective vaccine is available at each corner of the world. It has been estimated that up to 10% of HBV global burden is shared by India alone. Each year approximately 0.1 million deaths occur due to HBV and its related illnesses in our country. The present study aims to determine actual prevalence of disease by active surveillance at tertiary care hospital. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at tertiary care hospital western UP, from June 2018 to Dec 2018. 2-4 ml of blood sample from each patient was collected and sent to VRDL from different clinical OPDs and IPDs for routine screening of HVB and these all were included in this study. For this routine screening of HBV, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) was used as a marker of infection. The technique used was Chemiluminescence ELISA method. The data was collected on a predesigned patient information sheet. Results: A total of 13613 samples were tested, and of these all, 653 were positive for HBsAg. Hence, the overall prevalence observed in this study was 4.8%. Among all seropositive cases, 341 (50.2%) were males and 312 (47.8%) females with P value of (P >0.05). The majority of cases 50.1% were in the age group of 16-30 years, and among these, females were dominant with 32.8% over 17.3% males. Conclusion: Thus, this study concludes that HBV infection is still a public health problem which should be among the prioritized health problem in our country.
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Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a public health alarm in developing countries. Anemia is an indicator of both poor health and poor nutrition. It has been observed that iron deficiency anemia in children and adolescent leads to growth delay. Weekly iron folic acid (WIFS) with health education can significantly reduce prevalence of nutritional anemia and improve growth among adolescents is seen elsewhere in the World. To confirm these results in India, a study was conducted in Delhi to investigate the effect of WIFS and Health education on growth in adolescent school girls.Methods: A school based intervention study was conducted in selected government schools of Delhi. Total of 210 adolescent school girls (11th standard) were included in the study, 106 in intervention group and 104 in control group. The intervention group was given weekly iron folic acid supplementation (WIFS) with health education once a month, while a control group was given only WIFS.Results: A significant weight gain of 2.8 kg was seen in the intervention group, whereas girls in the control group showed 1.8 kg weight gain. The growth increment was greater in the intervention group than control group which was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01).Conclusions: WIFS and health education is recommended for growth promotion among adolescent girls especially who are underweight. Additional programmatic research should be carried out for understanding of the WIFS with health education -growth relationships in adolescence.
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Primary lymphomas of the ovary are extremely rare; their definitive diagnosis requires correlation of the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Secondary ovarian lymphomas are well known. We report a case of primary Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of ovary in a 9 year old female child with unilateral involvement, which was managed by salpingo-opherectomy and chemotherapy. Computed tomography revealed a large abdominal pelvic mass, without associated loco-regional or distant lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was established by histological study of the excised tissue. The case is rare because of its primary nature and location in this age group. Prognosis of primary ovarian lymphoma is the same as that of other primary nodal lymphomas. The authors aim to highlight the importance of considering this as a differential diagnosis in appropriate clinico-radiological scenario.
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Objectives - To compare the safety and efficacy of prostaglandin E2 gel with I.V. oxytocin for induction of labour. Methods - Over 200 pregnant women admitted for induction of labour were randomly allocated into two groups; Group A (100 women) who had pre induction cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 gel; Group B(100 women) who received IV oxytocin without cervical ripening. Statistical analysis used: Student t test, Z test, correlation of coefficient. Results: The demographic characteristics of the women and indications of labor in both groups were comparable. The mean Bishop score at 12 hours in group A and group B were 9.33 ±1.63 and 5.76 ±3.07 respectively and were statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean duration of labor in group A was 8.99±4.7 hours and in group B was 16.22±5.11 hours. The difference was highly significant (p< 0.0005). The complications and side effects were minimal with good neonatal outcome in group A compared to group B. Conclusion: Prostaglandin E2 gel when used intracervically is a safe and effective method for induction of labour.
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Echinochloa colona (L.) Link is a very problematic weed in up land and medium land rice causing significant reduction in yield. In the present investigation, laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the nature of interaction E. colona on germination and growth of the up land rice cultivar ‘Vandana’. The effects of decomposing and decomposed aqueous leachates (1-10%w/v) obtained from the dried biomass of 20, 30, 40 and 60 days old E.colona plants were studied on rice using petridish bioassay technique with three different types of culture media like filter paper, soil, and soil + activated charcoal. The decomposing leachates of E. colona showed strong toxic effect on root and shoot growth of rice, the highest being noted with 10% leachates of 60 days old plant residue. It inhibited root and shoot growth by 100% and 43.9% respectively as compared to control. The corresponding decomposed leachates inhibited rice germination by 90% and root and shoot growth by 70 and 25% respectively. These toxic effects of leachates showed in filter paper medium were significantly reduced in soil and soil plus activated charcoal media proving their allelopathic nature. In a field experiment, E. colona and rice were grown in proportions of 1:1, 1: 2 and 1:4, the total plant density being maintained at 100 pants m-2. The height and dry matter of rice were adversely affected with increasing in E. colona population. From another similar field trial, data on dry matter of 20, 30, 40, and 60 days old plants were taken and their plant relative yield (PRY) and relative yield total (RYT) values were calculated. The PRY and RYT values were found to be less than unit (<1) throughout the growth period studied which suggested the presence of severe antagonistic interspecific interaction between rice and E.colona due to allelopathy.